The topic of this 2014 TS will be ‘’Adaptation and evolution of Marginal-Peripheral populations of forest trees at the leading, altitudinal and rear edges of species distribution’’. The TS will focus on: Introduction of ‘’population’’, ‘’marginal-peripheral (MaP) population’’ concepts; Ecological aspects of forest species distributions; Forest population genetics and the key role of MaP populations; Conservation and adaptation of MaP populations (including adaptation, resilience and phenotypic plasticity in MaP populations); MaP at leading edges, Map at rear edges and MaP at altitudinal edges; Scientific methods on adaptive traits and strategies related to the conservation in situ and ex situ of MaP populations and related forest genetic resources; Management of MaP reproductive materials and related legislation (based on information available in National Reports prepared by European/Mediterranean partners in the context of the first State of the World Forest Genetic Resources). Presentation of most recent study cases on adaptation and evolution of MaP FGR at the edges of species distribution; Presentation of the trainees own researches on MaP population and FGR.